Philosophical Concepts

Philosophical Concepts

Exploring Philosophical Concepts

Logic

  • Deduction:
    "Logic is the beginning of wisdom, not the end." - Spock
    Rooted in axioms and foundational principles.
  • Induction:
    "Doubt is the key to knowledge." - Persian Proverb
    Embraces fallibilism and probabilistic reasoning.

Perception

  • Rationalism:
    "Knowledge is justified true belief." - Plato
    emphasizes fundamental, self-evident truths.
  • Empiricism:
    "Experience is the teacher of all things." - Julius Caesar
    Knowledge derived from sensory experience.
  • Idealism:
    "The world is in the mind of the perceiver." - George Berkeley
    Encompasses:
    • Subjective Idealism: "Reality exists only in individual consciousness" - George Berkeley
    • Transcendental Idealism: "Phenomena are mental representations of underlying structures" - Immanuel Kant
    • Absolute Idealism: "Reality is a comprehensive, rational, and spiritual process" - Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

Mind

  • Dualism:
    "Mind and body are distinct substances." - René Descartes
    Explores mind-body interaction.
  • Parallelism:
    "Two clocks running in perfect synchronization." - Gottfried Leibniz
    Mind and body operate independently but in harmony.
  • Epiphenomenalism:
    "Consciousness is a mere byproduct of physical processes." - Thomas Huxley
    Mental states emerge from physical states.
  • Functionalism:
    "The mind is what the brain does." - Hilary Putnam
    Mental states defined by their functional roles.

Free Will

  • Determinism:
    "Every event is necessitated by antecedent events." - Pierre-Simon Laplace
    All actions predetermined by prior causes.
  • Compatibilism:
    "Free will is the ability to act according to one's motivations." - David Hume
    Reconciles determinism with moral responsibility.

Ethics

  • Value Ethics:
    "Virtue is the mean between two extremes." - Aristotle
    Pursuit of the golden mean.
  • Intentionalism:
    "Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law." - Immanuel Kant
    Emphasizes moral intentions, leads to deontological ethics and categorical imperative.
  • Consequentialism:
    "The greatest good for the greatest number." - Jeremy Bentham
    Focuses on outcomes, utilitarianism as a quantitative approach, employs hedonic calculus to measure pleasure and pain.

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